Rock mineral weathering of parent geological material is the primary source of all salts

It is estimated that the area of salinized soils is expanding with a rate of about 1.0–2.0Mha/year.However, recent data are scarce, and reported data are greatly outdated.As freshwater resources become more scarce, alternative irrigation waters are tapped into, further threatening soil degradation in many arid regions.Furthermore, climatic change is causing sea level rise and more …

Examples of intracellular PAMPs exist such as the elongation factor EF-Tu

By examining how researchers, experts, and officials frame and design their projects and set up responses to problems, anthropology can open up new spaces for insight into the complexities of environmental politics, and the idea of islands by design helps me to do that in the purposefully particular place that is The Bahamas today.Bagged greens …

JA has been implicated in basal resistance against a variety of fungi and insects

Given that JEDI–PDF genes are JA-inducible, this signaling molecule may also be important for the induction of basal defense against Hpa. No other studies on silencing or disruption of the JEDI–PDF genes have been reported on in the literature. Future studies will have to address this possibility. A set of RNAi transgenic lines was developed which can …

Currently no biological studies exist reporting any activity for this substructure

One possible explanation was that the experimental conditions varied between the assays for basal defense and DCA-mediated immunity. In contrast to the analysis of DCA-mediated immunity , there was no pre-treatment with compound or mock solution before being sprayed with pathogen in the basal defense assays . It was observed in other experiments that this type …

Citrus are rarely grown from seed and virtually all commercial citrus is propagated by grafting

Several transcription factors were differentially expressed in this study. GO enrichment showed the molecular function GO term ‘DNA-binding transcription factor activity’ was significantly enriched. In addition to the MYB77 transcription factor gene described earlier, a GRAS transcription factor gene, HAM3, was DE in this study. GRAS transcription factors were previously found to play a role …

Tubes were brought to water holding capacity before planting

In their findings, as root biomass increased beyond a certain threshold it negatively impacted grain yields, perhaps due to increased costs of maintaining a large root system. This point appears worthy of detailed study as it may point to which root system traits will be beneficial in a given environment and how they might impact …

All other cultural practices were standard for wheat production in the area

Cultivars Sonora, Foisy, and Chiddam Blanc de Mars were selected. The primary criterion was the total root biomass with Sonora ranked among the highest, Foisy was intermediate, and CBdeM had a low total root biomass. Additionally, the three also have other contrasting phenotypes for traits such as drought tolerance, plant height, days to heading, awn type, …

Students learn about the carbon cycle and soil carbon sequestration while building compost piles

Food is a powerful frame through which to make the climate change problem more concrete and “close to home,” as it implies both a social and essential daily activity. The garden, meanwhile, provides a useful metaphor for the complex global climate system. The curriculum directly connects climate science to community and local action in the …

Moving the conversation into the policy realm is vital

Civic engagement advances the idea of creating “public commons” through urban agriculture, an idea related to ecological economics and explored in David Bollier’s book Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons. A commons “integrates economic production, social cooperation, personal participation, and ethical idealism into a single package;” it is …

Pasture area is grazed rotationally and managed for optimal plant biomass communities

The program uses an “integrated systems approach” to delivering hands-on education in nutrition, ecology, sustainability, and land stewardship . In practice, this consists of educating students in a garden classroom elective for elementary and middle school, hosting a high school farm elective course where students visit local farms, and preparing and preserving food from the …