Fruits were collected from the entire bush and randomly separated into three subsets

Various antimicrobial compounds are correlated with AFR resistance, including 1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy- 4-oxoheneicosa-12,15-diene and avocadynone acetate in avocado, and dopamine and dopamine-derivatives in banana. In blueberry, resistance was previously hypothesized to come from the interaction of several compounds, including phenolics and organic acids . Supportive of this hypothesis, two non-anthocyanin f lavonoids from blueberry fruit, quercetin 3-Orhamnoside and …

These fine-scale interactions collectively shape community responses to the species dieback

Although Sitka spruce was the second most important species in sapling regeneration in the affected forests, this species played a less important role in the conifer community composition in subsequent stages of stand development. Spruce has been found to have lower regeneration than western hemlock on disturbed sites but higher survival rates; however, western hemlock regeneration …

Asparagine and glutamine are converted to aspartic and glutamic acids during liquid hydrolysis

Methylamine and ethylamine, the degradation products of glycine and alanine, are detected in increasingly high abundances with age in ancient sulfate samples up to ~40Ma. The comparison of these concentrations to their parent amino acids allow for the calculation of glycine and alanine decarboxylation rates and are assumed to be indicative of these rates in …

Vitamin C in water is rapidly oxidized and can act as a pro-oxidant

Surveys conducted during the first two years of the study throughout the entirety of the six research blocks showed that the prevalence of PD in control vines actually declined slightly from the first to the second year , but not due to an increase in replanting efforts or vine death , Rather, this decline in …

Patch size may influence a habitat’s capacity to host different densities of pollinators

We were unable to do this because of our study design, which did not examine seed set from single bee visits. Nevertheless, this is the first sunflower seed set study to detect an interspecific interactive effect at the community-level rather than at the individual-level. However, despite the importance of these interactive effects on sunflower yield, …

Some small fruit varieties were numbered since this information is proprietary

Moreover, recombination could also occur at genomic regions other than the antibiotic insertion site, as the whole genomic DNA was used as donor to generate these recombinants. However, due to the bias of the method used here that selected recombinants acquiring antibiotic resistance, recombination that occurred at other regions in the genome may not have …

A laurel sumac seedling was placed into each of eight styrene cages per block

Paper sprayed with Tangle Trap sticky coating was placed a) at the base of the plants with a ring of sticky tape around the base of the stem and partially on the stem of the plant to capture any insects crawling down, and b) extending from the base of the plant horizontally outward above the pot surface …

Average numbers of servings were computed for comparative purposes as was done with CDPS

Only 39 cases needed to be top coded to 20 servings. The individual fruit and vegetable items for all 39 cases were examined carefully to make sure that they consisted of believable number of servings, albeit large numbers reported, and all 39 were accepted to remain part of the data file for analysis.The General RDD …

The main model limitations are related to the assumption of 1D flow in a homogenous soil profile

Based on the preferred effective Ks, the highest θc deviation between the RZRT model and HYDRUS is one day. While this is a reasonable error for the hard pan characteristics tested here, it is based on one limited example and cannot be regarded as representative. Using effective soil hydraulic parameters to represent highly-contrast layered soil as …

The bulk soil overlaps are summarised for angiosperms and gymnosperms

Water samples were analyzed for their stable isotopic compositions using Los Gatos DLT- 100 laser isotope analysers for Dorset and Wolf Creek, a Los Gatos Liquid Water Isotope Analyzer for Bruntland Burn and Dry Creek, and a Picarro L2130-I for Krycklan. The precision of the liquid water stable isotope analysis is reported to be better than ±0.1 …