The influence of maceration on the amount of most volatiles depends on temperature and duration

Enhancing flowering plant richness within crop fields can benefit pollinator richness and crop pollination, as demonstrated for mango and sunflower in South Africa. Similar results were found for wild plants within watermelon and muskmelon fields in the US . In Ghana, banana intercropping with cocoa boosted pollinator abundance and cocoa pod set . A diverse set of flower species with …

Our simulation results suggest this practice would not significantly reduce CBB infestations

Direct competition occurs only among the betilids species, while indirect competition occurs with P. coffea. Gutierrez et al. considered symmetric competition among the betilids, but new data enables parametrization of asymmetric competition in dyadic contests the success rate of which depends on their biology . The different success rates are included in the model via the …

Such fruits will leave no trace and cannot be evidenced by archaeobotanical analysis

A reliable interpretation of date consumption based on the number of seeds can also be hampered by the possibility of trading crushed dates. Such dates might have been destoned, as could be demonstrated by the Kellis agricultural account book, which mentions a price of 2.5 times that of ordinary dates . Crushed dates with their …

Each treatment replication was separated by 2 m of bare soil to reduce plot interactions

Therefore, longer-term research is required to develop non-chemical alternatives, and their adaptation will require effective integration with other methods of disease, pest, and crop management . In the post-methyl bromide era, Verticillium wilt is likely to reemerge as a major disease for conventional strawberry production. The disease already is a major problem in some organic …

The last-mentioned species is often found on waste ground near a cultivated area

The earliest records from Egypt are predynastic and early dynastic. These earliest grapes originate partly from sites located in the Nile Delta , whereas others are recorded from Abydos and Naqada, located in the upper Nile Valley. This implies that either wild grapes once grew in the Nile Delta or that cultivated grapes entered Egypt …

The Roman cookery book attributed to Apicius frequently calls for stone pines in recipes

In fact, such an analysis could illustrate a shift in the proportion of smaller to larger seeds, demonstrating an increase of out breeding. And even if such an increase could be demonstrated, it still remains to be seen whether the increase of out breeding, which is responsible for the increase in seed size, could be considered as …

Fennel probably originates from southern Europe and the Mediterranean area

To determine whether archaeobotanical remains of coriander were used for such treatments is in most cases impossible, as the archaeological context does not support such interpretations. An exceptional case is, however, a find of coriander fruits in a stockroom of a Roman military hospital in Neuss . According to Dioscorides, the consumption of the fruits positively affects …

The reduction to the present distribution may probably be the result of over exploitation

Although it may not be excluded, it seems unlikely that A. tortilis once grew on the site proper. This tree penetrates the coastal plain via the main wadi branches but is not found today in the near vicinity of Berenike. Both its salt non-tolerant status and its deep, penetrating root may prevent successful establishment on this …

It probably suffered from the temporary desalinization of the groundwater

Only isolated specimens in inaccessible spots of rocky affluents succeed in flowering and fruit setting in such years. Other grasses remain small in size, even in favorable years, and it seems as if these grasses are present at the fringe of their distribution area. A good example is the presence of dwarf specimens installations, only one …

Special emphasis is laid on the possible shifts of the local arboreal vegetation

The series editors would like to thank the following organizations and individuals for enabling the eight years of archaeological work at Berenike on which the annual reports and final compilations such as the present volume are based: National Geographic Society, Netherlands Foundation of Scientifi c Research , Gratama Foundation, donors of the Berenike Foundation, Mallinson Architects …