The genesis of 10 cm of soil takes about 2000 years. Through the present, mostly intensive and yield optimized way of land use, erosion and greenhouse gas emission is resulting. Therefore the protection of soil must be an ecological, social and economic issue . However, it is obvious that the increasing global population and interconnectedness is leading to an intensification of agricultural production. In the past decades this development led to a high level of standardization in professional horticultural production whereby peat could enforce because of its dependability concerning the crucial parameters for successful cultivation of vegetables and plants. Attributes of peat like low bulk density, high porosity, low pH, nutrient and nitrogen immobilization and structural stability, enable horticulturists a controlled and solid adjustment of professional gardening . Drainage based agriculture and subsequent peat mining over the last few decades led to degradation of wetlands in Lower Saxony . In this regard the federal government and the government of Lower Saxony strive for a reduction of peat in horticultural production -. Furthermore there is a lack of peat substitutes in both qualitative and quantitative perspectives. About 9 million m³ substrates for horticultural usage are annual needed in Germany whereof none but about 10% native and renewable raw materials with qualitative applicability would be obtainable. The research gap identified in this study is the testing of extensive land use options with high-fibre renewable raw materials for the usage as substrate for professional horticulture.
Thereby we conduct horticultural tests with selected high-fibre raw material plants and search for pertinent locations of raw material plants on both mineral and organic soils in rural areas of Lower Saxony . Especially the search for pertinent locations on bog edges is focused to contribute to a sustainable agriculture.The study began in September 2014 with a literature review about the relevant state of research with a special focus on suitable raw material plants. That part will be followed by a horticultural testing series with the chosen raw material plants in different refinements, cultures and admixture rates. Conclusively, the study will identify appropriate areas in Lower Saxony for extensive production of renewable raw materials for the professional horticulture. Meanwhile the first part of the study was completed. In this matter we comprehensive studied the relevant literature concerning the selection of the renewable raw materials. To find an economic attractive way for the admixtion of raw material plants in peat based substrates composting was dropped out as an option of refinement because of its deficiency of storability,hydroponic bucket its volume depletion and its high weight. Constructing on this reflection we searched for plants with high-fibre rates, high lignin rates to get an increment of volume and high harvest revenue in due consideration of its none invasiveness and its possibility to cultivate in extensive ways on pertinent locations. The upcoming step is to refine the chopped material through an applications laboratory. This laboratory will refine the material in three ways: shred, curb and shred and defiber including the conveyance of nitrogen and coaldust. The last refinement is the most sophisticating and promising one.
The refined materials will be admixed for the test series by volume of 15%, 30% and 45% additional to a standardized peat based substrate. Tests will be enforced with several cultures in multiple replicas to get convincing results about the selected raw material plants and the chosen ways of refinement. Parallel to the ongoing public relations activities with the aid of exhibition parcel land, the last part of the study is characterized by a spatial analysis of potential croplands in Lower Saxony .The spatial, temporal and spectral characteristics of the remote sensing data are effectively used in land use and land cover change mapping, hence helping in decision making for sustainable land resource management. Land use/land cover changes play a major role in the study of global change . This paper is an attempt to define the spatial-temporal difference in the Winder area. This area is part of Balochistan, which is located between latitude 24˚53’N to 26˚42’N and longitude 65˚15’E to 67˚27’E . This area is physiographically known as the Porali basin that was developed by the alluvial deposits of the Porali River and its tributaries . Rainfall is erratic and scanty but a large catchment area provides enough water. Land is cultivated mainly by irrigation methods . Horticulture, rangeland and fish farming are common economic activities found there. Due to the area’s location, many industries were found nearby in a recent survey. The area is located near the coast and therefore fishing is one of the important economic activities observed. Almost all the people living near the coastal area are engaged in fishing activities. The economy of the area studied is largely based upon the production of fruits, crops and the intake from fishes.
Plantation facilities of the fruit farms and cultivation of crops by irrigation have been found to be important features. Use of rangeland for herded livestock is also very important. Beyond the limited farming in the east of the country fishing along the Arabian Sea coast is another type of income and sustenance for the local population. Conditions of economic activities are gradually improving but the region is still backward as compared to other parts of Pakistan. Remote Sensing as a science has emerged as one of the most diversified subjects over the last four decades. Satellite Remote Sensing, with its unique capability of providing repetitive, dynamic and global coverage at high temporal and spatial resolution, is very useful for the analysis of changes taking place in the coastal areas . The major advantage of GIS is that it allows identifying the spatial relationships between features and temporal changes within an area over time . Experience has shown that many earth surface features of interest can be identified, mapped and studied on the basis of their spectral characteristics, stackable planters although some features of interest may not be spectrally separable. To use Remote Sensing data effectively, one must know and understand the spectral characteristics of the particular features under investigation . Remote Sensing data help in mapping land resources and management, especially in desert and mountainous areas where accessibility is limited . Land cover and land use mapping are thus very important for evaluating the natural resources . Satellite Remote Sensing, in conjunction with geographic information systems , has been widely applied and recognized as a powerful and effective tool in detecting land use and land cover change. It is also the suitable tool that extracts the satellite data and converts them into an attribute and spatial form and projects the required results in presentable shape . The geographical location of Winder is important factor that could be viewed from many dimensions.
Geographically this area is located near the south western margin of Balochistan. It is located about 90 km from the largest commercial city of the country. The location near the big city provides the market and employment that enhances the prosperity of the local population. Physiographically, this area is located in an alluvial basin which is called Porali Basin. Physiographic location along with the catchment areas and the alluvial basin provides the water resources. Proper resource exploitation and good management can boost the economy of the local community. Another important feature of the location is the proximity of the coast. The structural feature of the coast has a dual importance. It not only provides the supply for fishing but its special structure can provide the harbor. Use of the Miani Hor could be muiltidimension, i.e., sanctuary for mangroves, fish harbor or port. Long term planning and management of this area will have a decisive long term impact on the whole region. ping land resources and management, especially in desert and mountainous areas where accessibility is limited . Land cover and land use mapping are thus very important for evaluating the natural resources . Satellite Remote Sensing, in conjunction with geographic information systems , has been widely applied and recognized as a powerful and effective tool in detecting land use and land cover change. It is also the suitable tool that extracts the satellite data and converts them into an attribute and spatial form and projects the required results in presentable shape . The geographical location of Winder is important factor that could be viewed from many dimensions. Geographically this area is located near the south western margin of Balochistan. It is located about 90 km from the largest commercial city of the country. The location near the big city provides the market and employment that enhances the prosperity of the local population. Physiographically, this area is located in an alluvial basin which is called Porali Basin. Physiographic location along with the catchment areas and the alluvial basin provides the water resources. Proper resource exploitation and good management can boost the economy of the local community. Another important feature of the location is the proximity of the coast. The structural feature of the coast has a dual importance. It not only provides the supply for fishing but its special structure can provide the harbor. Use of the Miani Hor could be muiltidimension, i.e., sanctuary for mangroves, fish harbor or port. Long term planning and management of this area will have a decisive long term impact on the whole region. The town of Winder is located near the coast of Miani. We can see in the satellite view of the study area that cultivated area is irrigated by the Winder River. This river is developed by contributories flow from the catchment areas in the north-east of the study area, where Piaro and More Ranges are located, while the Pub range is located on the east. The eastern, north-eastern and south-eastern parts of the study area are covered by small ranges while the western and southern parts are bordered by the Arabian Sea.
Many features are seen in the coastal area, where the Winder River is emptied into the sea and forms an estuarine delta. The North and south of the delta are covered by sand dunes. Some patches of the mangrove vegetation are also found near the coast. The rest of the area is covered by range land. The plain area is part of the Porali basin which is formed by the Porali River and its tributaries which are drained into the Miani Hor . The satellite views of the study area show the land classes of the Winder basin. Figures 3-5 show the classified images of periods 1978, 2000 and 2008 respectively. Range land, cultivated area, sand and silt are the main characteristics of the study area. The main objective of the study was to calculate the change of cultivated land area during the years 1978, 2000 and 2008 and thus evaluate the temporal difference during the periods mentioned. In 1978, 4146 acres of land were under cultivation while in 2000 it had been increased to 17,952 acres and that further increased to 23,846 acres in 2008 . Initially, in 1978, 2.54% of the whole area was under cultivation which increased to 10.74% of the earlier period in 2000 and to about 11.51% increase as observed in 2008. The adverse effect were seen on the range land that was covered by 96,883 acres in 1978 and 85,750 acres in 2000 and 73,689 acres in 2008, which means that 60.27% of the study area was covered by range land in 1978 which decreased to 53.36% in 2000 and further decreased to 48.56% in 2008. It is concluded that 8.97% of the cultivated area has increased and 11.71% of the range land decreased, which has almost been replaced by cultivated land. In this study, the spatiotemporal difference in agricultural land use has been determined. The SRS technique was used to evaluate the difference in agriculture land use during different time periods. The study area was divided into three main classes. The spatiotemporal difference in cultivated areas in the last 30 years seems to be encouraging from the results. About 20,000 acres of land for cultivation has increased during this period, while the range land area has decreased by about 2000 acres and the area covered by silt and sand has continuously decreased as it is being replaced by cultivated land.