Direct contact methods are costlier than indirect methods and have a more limited reach

The expenditures made by UCCE are shown in panel of Fig. 1. There is evidence of impact of the 2009–2010 recession on investments in 2010, which went down from over $90 million to less than $85 million. From 2010 onwards, we observe a steady decline in annual UCCE expenditures, to about $76 million in 2013. In …

Disease and market changes are two important factors for these changes

A recent analysis by the World Meteorological Organization concluded that uptake of climate forecasts by agricultural communities has been low due to lack of a clear understanding of their needs and insufficient interaction and communications among all involved stakeholders.California’s past history suggests that agriculture has the capacity to effectively transition to new climate regimes with economic …

Greater groundwater use will result in subsidence and in higher pumping costs

Atmospheric particulate matter within the San Joaquin Valley is correlated with annual precipitation patterns , possibly suggesting that this relationship led to increased CCN, less atmospheric scrubbing , or a feedback between the two. Agriculture is an important source of dust in California. However, the amounts of dust can be reduced by employing conservation or minimum tillage …

Urban productivity gaps in real wage terms are further reduced in both countries

The effective tracking rate for each KLPS round is around 85 percent.Similar to the IFLS, the KLPS includes detailed information on educational attainment, labor market participation, and migration choices. Employment data was collected in a wage employment module and a self-employment module, which both are designed to include both formal and informal employment. Most individuals …

Case mothers moved more in the latter half of the first year but this could be due to random variation

For cases and all controls, we examined the agreement between exposures during the first year of life assigned to birth residence and those assigned to LexisNexis addresses. Restricting to cases diagnosed at or after 1 year of age, we assessed the level of agreement between exposures assigned to birth residence and those assigned to diagnosis …

There is also some work on the voting power of shareholders in large companies

Subsequent state and federal legislation has allowed for the formation of related types of organizations. MMOs were designed to mitigate the “disruption of the orderly exchange of commodities” and protect the “value of agricultural assets which support the national credit structure.” . The continued presence in today’s U.S. Code of these justifications and others first …

Field measurements need to be conducted to test results obtained with model systems

Experiments were performed under oxic and anoxic conditions to constrain the influence of oxygen on Se reduction. Different concentrations of organic carbon sources and selenate were examined since they are key limiting factors for microbial Se reduction. Temporally resolved data on selenate and selenite concentrations at the reactor outflow and spatially resolved data on solid …

Framing did not affect the perception of whether or not gene exchange is moral

Mandatory mediation did not usher in a new era for farm labor relations because unions requested and won few elections, the first step to invoke the procedure. Unions do not request secret-ballot elections until they feel confident they will win, and they gauge their support by persuading workers to sign union authorization cards that express …

Trained falcons were first introduced as working birds in vineyards to protect the grapes

Despite this, some chemical treatments have been effective. For example, methyl anthranilate, a common food additive, is used as a biodegradable non-toxic bird repellant for grapes and berries. One study showed a decrease in crop loss by 88% to 99% when crops were treated with methyl anthranilate . However, in another study, methyl anthranilate was …

We also evaluate the impact of using different amounts of training data and calibration durations

Measuring and predicting temperature accurately is challenging due to variation across farm micro-climates where local temperature can deviate from the surrounding area which is typically measured at mesoscale. Measuring temperature for a large number of micro-climates on a farm can be prohibitively expensive with extant weather stations and sensors . In this chapter, we explore …