Examples include the GO for attributes of gene products such as subcellular localization, molecular function or biological role, and Plant Ontology for plant attributes such as developmental stages or anatomical parts. When data are associated with appropriate ontology terms, data interoperability, retrieval and transfer are more effective. In this section, we review the challenges and opportunities in …
Category Archives: Hydroponic Horticulture
A large share of the population lives in rural areas and engages in subsistence production
Increasingly, so are its related up- and down-stream activities in input supply, food logistics, food processing, retail, and food services, which, together with agriculture, make up the broader agri-food system . The AFS remains a major employer, particularly in poorer countries and for the poorer segments of society . Much hope is vested in the …
This change was made in an effort to finally force an agreement on agriculture
One major reason Japanese farmers have been so successful in pushing their policy preferences and forestalling liberalizing trade agreements is that the main groups in other countries that traditionally challenge farmers by supporting liberalization, namely consumers, business, and the food industry, are either unwilling or unable to challenge the JA’s preference for protection . Moreover, …
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Blair agreed but asked Fischler to drop the capping of direct payments in exchange
The deal to not cut the CAP budget was extracted by France in exchange for supporting enlargement, and allowed the budget to increase by 1% each year until 2013 . This agreement was a major victory for France and the CAP, as the EU’s multi-annual financial framework at the time called for an automatic annual …
Examples of amber box subsidies are production-based subsidies and price supports
Under these operating assumptions, it was difficult if not impossible to make the argument that CAP payment schemes needed to be reformed so that they were both functional and financially viable once ten new member states from Central and Eastern Europe joined the EU. Excluding the new member states obviated what would have otherwise been …
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France and Germany were both reluctant to adopt major agricultural reform
The first significant effort to reform the CAP was the so-called Mansholt Plan. In 1968 the Commission, led by Sicco Mansholt, published the “Memorandum on the Reform of Agriculture in the European Economic Community” commonly referred to as the Mansholt Plan. Mansholt was one of the principal architects of the CAP, representing the Netherlands, and …
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The CAP has certainly felt the pressure of post-materialist values
Farmers, due to their large share of the population, exercised a decisive influence in pre- and inter-war Europe. The way that farmers aligned often affected the trajectory of economic policy and regime outcomes . Moore contends that the revolutionary potential of the peasantry was the key determinant of interwar regime outcomes. Where the peasants were driven off the …
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Agricultural science in the public domain is increasingly being asked to do more with less
If breeders can increase their imported genetic materials by 10 percent, the marginal cost of wheat variety production will fall by 2.2 percent .Such an effect, a type of spillin, has long been known to play an important role in the effectiveness of spending on agricultural research . Our study demonstrates that spillins are also an …
Future studies should hence rely on farm level observation whenever possible
Weather-induced yield reductions can act like an enforcement mechanism that limits supply to drive up the price, especially if there are land constraints that keep farmers elsewhere from bringing new land into production. A Ricardian analysis of farmland values only measures impacts that are capitalized into farmland values, but does not consider impacts on consumers. …
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The fragile ecosystem in the Loess Plateau is associated with environmental degradation
Prices are not updated to the current year to make these results comparable to Lu et al.’s study in 2003; input and output prices have changed at different rates during the past 10 years and some prices could not be recovered from Lu et al. This assumption does not affect lessons from this study.Three SV …