This disturbs the Ca2þ flux in the plant cell, thereby resulting in ROS formation

We discuss nine in vivo studies that have used proteomics to explore the alterations in plants at the protein level, in response to metal-based NPs, including nAg, nCeO2, nAl, nAl2O3, nFe, nZnO and CdS QDs . Impact of bare or surface-functionalized nAg on plant proteomes have been studied in several plants, including arugula, wheat, rice, …

The linear approximation strategy is not without limitations

In a stylized story of green revolutions, improvements in agricultural technology are achieved through the introduction of improved land management techniques or improved inputs, including germplasm and fertilizer, all of which boost yields and labor productivity . If food is relatively non-tradable beyond local markets, then increased staple food production leads to reduced food prices, …

African-American groups have sought to reclaim and remold their rich heritage through urban farming

We refer to a farming system as “diversified” when it intentionally includes functional biodiversity at multiple spatial and/or temporal scales, through practices developed via traditional and/or agroecological scientific knowledge. Farmers manage this functional biodiversity to generate critical ecosystem services to agriculture . At the plot scale, diversified farming systems may include multiple genetic varieties of a given …

Five research groups have succeeded in coupling aggregate crop into climate models

Coupling with landscape microclimate models provides not only the vertical inputs used by agricultural models, but also gradients along the landscape. Coupling with hydrological models provides water flow paths such as surface runoff, vertical and lateral groundwater flow, and interactions between shallow soil and groundwater zones and with adjacent surface water bodies . Water quality models …

Digital agriculture’s strategy of overcoming hunger by increasing yield thereby may even exacerbate it

A variety of labels have been used for this emergent industry: precision agriculture, e-agriculture, smart agriculture, and digital agriculture, among others. Despite early critical use of precision agriculture, the term tends to be used in the industry to signify a specific suite of production-oriented technologies.However, information technologies are also used to open new markets and new territories …

We refer to this strategy as the Agriculture for Development sequence

During the rest of the year, there are much less employment opportunities for rural than urban households, with the former working about half the time worked by urban households during the low season . Lack of labor smoothing across months can thus be a major cause of income differentials between rural and urban households. Measuring …

The implications of the above shifts of policies for agricultural development are not clear

International experience shows that in the long run, increased foreign participation in the financial sector will have a positive effect on country’s development as a whole. However, in the period immediately following its WTO accession and the removal of protective measures in the financial sector, China may face one of its biggest challenges. There is …

Farmers exposed to flooding are different in a number of ways that might directly influence adoption

Any treatment effects on farmer-level uptake might occur simultaneously with supply responses by dealers.To measure this, we surveyed seed dealers around the same time as the farmer survey. We timed the survey to be in September so that seed purchases would be recently completed and easier to recall for dealers. Dealers were asked which varieties …

The Narrative Policy Framework or NPF forms the primary theory guiding the analysis

In comparison to forest, agricultural habitats are less stable and more regularly disturbed.These attributes could preclude sustained competition and favor related species with traits that allow them to persist in agriculture’s novel and variable conditions . Previous work with the same data set demonstrated that bird functional diversity is lower in intensive mono cultures than in forest reserves or …

The project was vast by any stretch of the imagination

Rosen wrote ten ‘comprehensive studies’ of American agriculture which totaled over 1,300 pages, which helped him earn his Bachelor of Science degree in agriculture in 1908. In that same year Rosen moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota, and became a U.S. citizen on December 30, 1909. Rosen was, by then, an expert on American farming techniques and …