Horticulture

Research in CRM of Chinese RCBs is in scarcity. This research attempts to develop a CRM framework for Chinese RCBs. The framework incorporates main factors that affect credit risk facing RCBs in relation to environmental, operational,financial and guanxi variables contributing to failures of SMEs and farming households, the main customers of RCBs in China. The framework outlines the procedure that RCBs can follow to develop its own credit risk analysis model in accordance with their portfolios of loans and the characteristics of their customers. This paper is organized as follows. The next section introduces China’s banking reform and the development of China’s RCBs. The third section provides a literature review on CRM. The fourth section analyses factors contributing to failures of SEMs and farming households and proposes a CRM framework for RCBs in China.

The final section concludes the paper and highlights the limitations and future research directions vertical hydroponic nft system. China’s banking reform was carried out within the broader context of China’s transition from a planned economy to a market economy. Prior to the beginning of the reform, China’s banking system consisted of only one financial institution,the People’s Bank of China. The “first stage” of the banking reform took root in the early 1980s by creating a two-tier bank system. The PBC became the central bank. The Industrial and Commercial Bank of China  was carved out of the PBC and, together with the China Construction Bank , Bank of China  and the Agricultural Bank of China , the four so-called specialized banks became the second tier of the system. The Big Four banks were100% state-owned. In the early stage of reform the specialized banks were allowed very little scope to extend commercial or consumer credit.

The second stage began in 1994 when the Big Four banks were relieved of their role in “policy lending”2. In 1995 the Commercial Bank Law of China was promulgated,nft hydroponic system recognising the status of state-owned specialised banks as commercial banks operating according to market based banking principles of capital-adequacy, prudence, profitability, risk recognition, liquidity and responsibility for own profit and loss. In 1997 the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the State Council held the first National Financial Operations Conference and introduced several important measures to accelerate the reforms.First, the government issued RMB270 billion  in special government bonds to recapitalise the Big Four banks. Second, new regulations abolished the credit quota policy  and, instead,allowed banks to adopt asset-liability management. Finally, in a dramatic and significant step that marks the transition from the second to the third stage of banking reform, the central government transferred RMB1.4 trillion  in nonperforming loans from the books of the state-owned commercial banks to new entities dubbed Asset Management Companies 3.

The third stage of banking reform is to turn state-owned commercial banks into joint-stock commercial banks with the state as the controlling share holder.In late 2003 the Law on the People’s Bank of China and the Commercial Banking Law were amended to establish the China Banking Regulatory Commission to oversee the reform of regulation of banking. Changes to the Commercial Banking Law freed the Big Four from the requirement to provide loans to State Council-approved projects and permitted them to carry out commercial banking activities—such as trading government bonds, dealing in foreign exchange and offering credit card services.As of end-2010, China’s banking sector comprises of two policy banks and China Development Bank , five large commercial banks, 12 joint-stock commercial banks, 147 city commercial banks, 85 rural commercial banks, 223rural cooperative banks, 2,646 rural credit cooperatives , one postal savings bank, four banking assets management companies, 40 locally incorporated foreign banking institutions, 90 foreign bank branches, 63 trust companies, 107finance companies of corporate groups, 17 financial leasing companies, four money brokerage firms, 13 auto financing companies, four consumer finance companies, 349 village or township banks, nine lending companies and 37 rural mutual cooperatives. In addition, a total of 395 new-type rural financial institutions were established, including 349 village or township banks, nine lending companies and 37 rural mutual cooperatives. The deposits attracted by these institutions to talled RMB75.27 billion, loans totaled RMB60.09 billion, and profits totaled RMB950 million. Meanwhile, 86.7 percent of the loans made by these institutions went to rural and agricultural uses as well as to SMEs. Among all,loans dispersed to SMEs alone numbered 31,000 and valued in aggregateRMB31.38 billion or 52.2 percent of the total value, while loans extended to rural households numbered 237,000 and valued RMB20.74 billion or 34.5 per cent of the total.

This statement being proved by the studies in , shows that the machine learning based model give a better prediction than the linear regression algorithm to predict rainfall. An artificial neural network computational tool is strong and data driven.Its characteristic is self-adaptive, flexible which has the capacity to learn and handle nonlinear and tough underlying characteristics of any physical process with high grade of accuracy. Thanks to its ability in providing a better solution to complex problems that significantly reduce noise and optimize approximations,ANN is getting more attention from a lot of scholars in their attempts to unravel the inner workings of weather forecasting process. Traditional methodologies are often found to encounter constant challenges in addressing non-linear physical, spatial and temporal processes as well as the underlying uncertainties that exist in certain parameters used.

The attributes of the ANN model have therefore made it clear about its suitability to be deployed in studies pertaining to weather forecasting. ANN consists of several techniques such as the feed forward neural networks,back propagation neural networks and radial basis function neural network. RBFNN structure is similar to typical ANN structure, rolling bench that consists of one hidden layer that contain three main parameter that is output weights,widths and centered.  highlights that RBFNN is the most suitable machine learning technique to be deployed in the study that scrutinizes rainfall forecast in comparison to other techniques including Generic Programming, Support Vector Regression, M5-Rules, M5-Model trees and k-Nearest Neighbor. This argument has been further resonated by , in which they conclude that RBFNN provides higher accuracy of results in rainfall forecast as compared to the back propagation neural network technique. Besides, another study conducted by finds out that the use of multilayer perceptron is suitable for in Atner while RBFNN in Dharni RBFNN.

Thus, we have proposed a model of weather forecasting using Radial Basis Function Neural Networks  order to predict weather in a very effective and efficient way and to enhance the rainfall prediction in Malaysia by utilizing the RBFNN model. Other than its proven ability to provide a better rainfall prediction,this model also employs a better algorithm that is far more simplistic and with a faster learning capability. Rainfall prediction relies heavily on important weather-related parameters that include air pressure, temperature and wind speed that should certainly be considered in the development of a sound algorithm in rainfall prediction. Therefore, an analysis has been conducted across a few meteorology datasets as data input centered around the important parameters such as temperature, wind speed,grow table hydroponic humidity as well as air pressure. The concept of Artificial Neural Network is a network composed by a collection of processing units that are computer-programmed based on the working of human brain. The human brain is a complex system capable of processing a large amount of information at a time. The neural network is a processor that is made up of artificial neurons as the main the processing element.

The application of the neural network has been extensive in the areas of pattern classification,grouping, prediction and optimization among many others. Rainfall is one of the natural phenomena with non-linear attributes, thus, requiring anon-statistical method that is far more complex as to understand the rainfall behavioral patterns just like how the Artificial Neural Network does.RBFNN was first introduced by Broom head dan Lowe in the year 1988.This paper use the algorithm of Radial Basis Function Network  because RBFN is one of the neural networks with capability to predict non-linear attributes and with faster learning speed. RBFN is also a particularly distinctive artificial neural network as it leverages on the basis function network as the active function. The application of RBFN is used widely particularly for function approximation, time series forecasting and classification. RBFN model that comprises of three layers, the input layer, the hidden layer and the output layer is shown in Figure 1.Every layer is made up of nodes that connected one another as illustrated by Figure 1. As demonstrated in Figure 1, every neuron is also connected with one another. This information will later enter the hidden layer where the learning process shall commence. This directly implies that the calculations are performed so that system learns the patterns by manipulating the weighted value until it matches the output value.Thus, the limitation of radial basis function formula must contain only real values. In this study, statistical analysis that has been used is root mean square error and the percentage of accuracy. The optimal RBFNN structure is determined by manipulating the hidden neuron value between 4 and 99. The RMSE values between the predicted values and measured values for the RNFNN model are illustrated in Table 1. This study discovers that the hidden neuron value has less affect on the performance of the RMSE value which is between49.92% up to 51.10%.

In addition, veterinary costs for animal health service deliveryare apparently high especially following the liberalization of the livestock industry. An ethno-veterinary approach combined with social service delivery to improve on behavioral change on farming practices, and drug usage, improved extension service delivery as well as efficient livestock industry management may be required for the sustainability of the livestock industry to control the increasing HP burden in the farming communities of Uganda and the neighboring East and Central African countries. The development of new information communication technology  brings people together and creates a sense of belonging in the virtual community . Online games, such as massive multiplayer online role playing games,allow hundreds and even thousands of people to play and interact simultaneously. The players of these games can maintain a regular character that grows and changes to compete with other characters.They are given opportunities to interact with other players and participate in a socialized virtual environment .

Online game communities are thus structured similar to the “third place”, which facilitates sociability among players in the virtual world and promotes offline social connections by stimulating collective activities. Researchers have further identified the function of social support , social capital , and the socio-emotional aspects  of online games. Since third-party developer tools were released by Facebook in 2007, stackable planters a new class of games called socialgames has been designed and becomes a phenomenon. This term refers to games that have minimal barriers to entry and are specifically embedded within social networking sites that use the players’ social networks for enhancing gaming experiences.There are four major components of social games: SNS based, multiplayer,real identity, and casual gaming . Popular social games such as Farmville and Pet Society are based on customization and resource management which bring people together to share in the responsibility for social interaction without actual copresence or interaction.

The motivation to play social games lies in the psychological need to be in the company of others  and use the game to stimulate future social interactions .However, while social capital has been linked to positive social outcomes, the psychological benefits reaped from Facebook use are mixed  . In addition, although recent research has found that the relatively heterogeneous nature of MMORPG communities serve as potential sources of bridging social capital  and can even contribute to bonding social capital due to the collaborative nature of the games , stacking pots mixed effects of MMORPG play were also produced. While researchers have investigated the sociality of virtual worlds in the MMORPG settings, not much has been done on social games as they are relatively newer. The notion of social capital broadly suggests that the resources inherent in one’s relationships may be used to achieve economic ends . Social capital is further defined as the relationships between social actors and organizations that can facilitate action and create value .

It is an “investment in social relations by individuals through which they gain access to embedded resources to enhance expected returns of instrumental or expressive actions” .Farmville players gain top performers by having as many neighbors as possible. For example, visiting a neighbor’s farm allows players to complete tasks, such as fertilizing a few of their crops, feeding their animals,and scaring away crows and gophers, to earn cash and game experience. However, players can visit a given neighbor only once a day, meaning the more neighbors one has, the more one can visit to earn daily cash and game experience. Having many neighbors also increases the chance someone will return the favor. In addition,players in co-op farming challenges with friends build stables, add facilities, decorate, and expand their property to level up. The more in-game neighbors one has, the faster one can complete the task to advance. In fact, it is almost impossible to exp and land ownership, complete challenges, and even advance in this game without a certain number of in-game neighbors unless players spend real money.However, the extent to which players spend real money on virtual items may be moderate according to a recent study on players’ engagement with various features of social game play . The rationale is that to avoid spending too much money, players must aggregate and mobilize their social networks to advance in the game.Farmville players invite friends as in-game neighbors to receive more in-game benefits and achieve higher scores within a larger friend network. Players are generally open to the gaming community to exchange for information,and many online groups or discussion boards are designed for players to obtain many friends a sin-game neighbors .

Shin  indicated further that income derived from economic activity and loans based on the leverage in the financial market exacerbated wealth inequality as higher income groups tended to utilize more loans in the monetized economy, widening the gap between the rich and the poor.As such, the mainstream literature on female-headed households and poverty indicates that female-headed households constitute the “poorest of the poor”, and several other studies have shown a link between female-headed households with poverty and low socioeconomic status. In 2019,Lebni et al. conducted a qualitative study among female-headed households in Kermanshah, West of Iran. They collected data through semi-structured interviews with female-headed households who were selected purposefully. They analysed their data using conventional qualitative content analysis and they found that female-headed households faced many challenges that could become a big threat or an opportunity.

A study was conducted to investigate the nature and determinants of income inequality in mountain areas using the case of Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania.Specifically, flood and drain tray the study used the cross-sectional research design, income percentile shares, Gini coefficient and Lorenz curves, as well as, the coefficient of variation, to pinpoint the nature of income inequality in the study area using both pooled and disaggregated data. The determinants of income inequality were investigated using the step by step multiple linear regression model. The results of analysis of income-inequality revealed existence of income inequality. At the50 percentile, the mean incomes for disaggregated analysis were the highest for farmers with farmland located far from homestead, followed by those of farmers who accessed extension services during the past two years and farmers who were members of community-based financial institutions. The mean incomes were the lowest for female-headed households, followed by farmers who did not access extension services as well as farmers with farmland located close to home stead.

The farmlands located far from homestead were mostly found along the footsteps of the mountains or lowland areas where landholdings were relatively larger allowing for more intensification and crop revenues than the farmlands located in the upper gradients. Membership to community-based financial institutions had the most equalizing effect on income. Income inequality was the highest among farmers with farmland located far from homestead. Unexpectedly however, nft hydroponic income inequality amongst farmers who accessed extension services was higher than that of their counterpart farmers who did not access the services.We attribute this to variations in personal household characteristics , and economic characteristics .Overall, crop production was the main source of income in the agroforestry systems of the study area, followed by timber products. The contribution of income from non-farm income generating activities was the lowest but these sources constituted a major income-inequality increasing component in the pooled sample.

However, the results of disaggregated analysis showed that “non-farm sources” were decreasing income-inequality for farmers with farmlands located close to homestead, for female-headed households, for farmers who did not access extension services, and for farmers who were members of community-based financial institutions. This implies that diversification of income sources is an important strategy for reducing income inequality in mountain areas.Accordingly, policies and initiatives that aim to promote diversification of livelihoods are more likely to reduce income inequality in these areas and are therefore recommended.The values of coefficients in our step by step multiple linear regression model suggested that household assets, size of farmland, and age of household head positively influenced household income and household size negatively influenced household income.

They can check soil erosion to some extent, increase soil fertility, reduce salinity; alkalinity,acidity, and desertification, ultimately improve soil health which keeps the land suitable for the sustainable production of diversified products . According to Sharma et al. , agroforestry-related practices, such as, the use of multi-purpose tree species, relay-cropping, terracing and contour cultivation, soil and stone bunds, strip as well as alley cropping are appropriate to fulfil the needs of low-resource farmers by restoring and increasing land productivity. In fact, the mainstream literature on mountainous agroforestry farming systems tends to support the assertion that agroforestry could ameliorate the living conditions of the local population and protect the natural reserves from human disturbance .

Elsewhere in Tanzania, hydroponic grow system in the East Usambara Mountains, the study by Reyes et al. for example, indicated that the households who practiced improved agroforestry systems obtained twice as much annual gross income compared with their counterpart farmers who used traditional practices. They also found that about 40% of farmers who practiced improved agroforestry were securing enough food throughout the year, compared with only 18% for farmers who used traditional practices.However, empirical evidence which shows the effect of agroforestry farming systems on poverty and income inequality is lacking, at least in the context of mountain areas. The evidence would help policy-makers and other stakeholders to formulate suitable policies, plans and strategies to achieve sustainable development in these areas.

It should be noted here that, the levels of income-inequality in mountain areas may vary significantly between farming households,farmland locations and farmers’ economic characteristics. To the best of our understanding, these characteristics have not yet received adequate attention among scholars as most studies attempted to evaluate income inequality in mountain areas did not consider these. In addition, studies which disaggregate inequality based on differences in household and farm characteristics such as, farmland location, gender, and access to extension, as well as membership to community-based financial institutions, like the Savings and Credit Co-operative Society and Village Community Bank , are lacking. Equally important, much of the previous research on inequality uses time series or panel data focusing on broader scales, such as national, regional and multinational levels.

Studies which use cross sectional data while focusing on small scale sites and locations such as, hamlets,indoor garden villages and wards of mountain areas are lacking. Where the cross-sectional data is applied, most researchers have ignored the effects of variation in household personal characteristics, farming characteristics,economic characteristics as well as the existing transforming structures and processes. In the Karakoram valleys of Pakistan, for example, Ullah et al.  investigated the nexus between financial inclusion and improvement in the living standards of mountain people, and reduction in economic poverty ,multi-dimensional poverty and income inequality using the Quasi Experimental Designs, Foster, Greer and Thorbecke poverty measures, Alkire et al. methodology,Gini Index and Quintile technique. In addition, they used a Logistic Regression technique to identify the major drivers of economic poverty, multidimensional poverty and income inequality using non-disaggregated cross sectional data. They found a positive synergy among inclusive finance and living standards and a negative connection between financial inclusion and economic poverty, multidimensional poverty as well as income inequality.

Their results of logistic regression showed that financial inclusion was a potential determinant of economic poverty reduction though it was found to be an insignificant tool for eradicating multidimensional poverty.In Poland, Kata and Wosiek used time series data covering a period of2004-2018 to investigate the redistributive effects of agricultural policy and the importance of income inequalities among agricultural holdings for sustainable agricultural development. They used the process of concentration of production factors in this sector, as well as, the level of budget support using pooled data.Specifically, they applied the Gini coefficient, concentration index, and multi-variate regression analysis to establish a relationship between the processes of income polarization in agriculture and the process of concentration of production factor as well as the level of budget support.

The aim is to identify the representations and practices of the populations or actors in a sector. According to Balmford et al., this preliminary phase is important to understand the reasons underlying the interest in ecosystem preservation in human societies. Their relative importance must then be analyzed in order to rank services. It is worth emphasizing that such ranking depends on the classifications used , and that its relevance also depends on the context.The objective of this article is, therefore, to discuss the service identification phase and, in particular, to analyze the survey methods used to identify and rank these services according to the perceptions of those concerned in a given territory.From a methodological viewpoint, this requires a study of the survey protocols concerning the choice of interviewees and the types of questionnaire used.

The choice and the sampling of respondents must reflect the diversity of view points as a function of socio-economic profiles, dutch buckets geographic localization and the statutes and types of structure on which the stakeholders depend. This diversity conditions the identification of the issues associated with services. Rodriguez et al. show that it is only by surveying local users that some services depending on cultural practices can be identified. This paper therefore focuses on survey and questionnaire types and, more specifically, on the differences and complementarities between open questions implying spontaneous answers, and closed questions regarding the ranking of a pre-defined list of services. This ranking can be based on multiple methods. The spontaneous answers require textual analyses in order to define categories. Spontaneous answers have the advantage of not being influenced by information provided during the survey. They better reflect actor representations.

However, they can be influenced by the media or by social networks, as is the case with socially-amplified hazards . The discussion of survey methods is based on the example of ecosystem service identification in pond aquaculture as part of a research project focused on ecological intensification in pond culture in France and Brazil. The inclusion of both French and Brazilian ponds has thead vantage of taking into account cultural differences. We made a literature review based on scientific articles related to methods for the identification of ecosystem services. In many instances, grow bucket the issue of service identification is not addressed. Generally, reference lists of ecosystem services are pre-established by experts. Otherwise, research focuses on the services thought to be determinant in the specific case. Hence, the literature focuses much more on the evaluation of ecosystem services than on their identification.This relative imbalance suggests that there are no methodological problems.

Yet, it is generally accepted that “the relevance of evaluations depends on the performance of the conceptual frameworks which underpin them” . The service selection methods are a crucial phase . Here, we will examine the methods used to identify the relevant services. Table 1 shows the types of survey and processing methods used. Apart from the articles written by Fisher et al. on the definition of services, and by Muradian and Kumar  on the usefulness of these approaches depending on the decision-making scale, most research focuses on particular fields. Generally, the teams undertaking the surveys are already familiar with these research fields. The MEA reference frame work is used with no preliminary information on the notion of ecosystem services so as not to bias perceptions.They include focus groups, semi-structured interviews, email surveys, expert workshops, and literature reviews. Apart from email surveys , interviews were limited to relatively small samples: between3 and 12 persons in focus groups, and between 19 and 120 in semi-structured interviews. Almost all the surveys involved service beneficiaries, who may be relevant populations or the stakeholders representing them. The information collected was also analyzed in various ways: qualitative analysis , descriptive statistics , qualitative ranking, and bibliographical analysis. The simplifications and the selections of the services depending on their importance in different contexts meant that between 11 and 16 services were considered. Nearly all the research was inter-disciplinary .

Microsatellite markers used in this study were particularly successful in determining genetic differentiation in A. cervicornis colonies located within reef patches in scales smaller than 2 km2. Genetic differentiation in corals between reefs separated by a few kilometers is generally not significant, except when introgression of alleles is observed . Such small-scale structure was recently evidenced in A. cervicornis using spatial auto correlation of nuclear and mt DNA data . Here, we also evidenced a similar small-scale structure suggesting that remnant A. cervicornis wild populations around Culebrita Island and Los Corchos reef system have a high genetic diversity per unit of area and can provide genetically diverse propagules for coral farming and reef rehabilitation efforts. Further, this suggests that high genetic diversity could be rapidly achieved collecting source fragments from relatively small spatial scales.This study also confirmed that the original phenotypic pre-selection of wild coral samples for coral farming using low-tech traditional field identification of coral genetic clones by simple observation and comparison of source fragments showed a 90% coincidence with different genetic identity as confirmed through complex high-tech laboratory testing.

Therefore,ebb and flow tray experienced coral farmers can very certainly have the ability to select in the field different genetic clones within relative small spatial scales without having to conduct expensive state-of the-art genetic studies. This finding is very important as it validates traditional, low-tech, community-based methods for selecting coral clones in the field which will continue to be used in remote islands and in traditionally underserved communities which lack resources and high-tech tools. Extreme rainfall events and storm-associated rainfall, in combination with poor land uses, represented the most significant environmental threat to coral farming success in this study. It is paramount to consider the long-term environmental history of sites selected for coral farming and that of adjacent lands and watersheds during the planning stage of any proposed coral farming project. In our particular case, selected sites showed since 2003outstanding environmental conditions in support of successful coral farming.

But since 2011, there has been a major burst of tourism activities at BTA that has propelled increased traffic through a small local road parallel to the beach, resulting in an increased number of visitors,ebb and flow trays multiple recreational activities , and from 100 to 250 visitors per day. This has also resulted in increased deforestation of land adjacent to the existing road for unpaved parking and areas for turning around public buses.There has been also a recent increase in deforestation of steep slopes at PME for the construction of access roads to private properties adjacent to the shoreline, which has resulted in increased turbid runoff pulses. Areas that have undergone significant alterations in land use patterns or that have undergone significant construction activities may not be suitable sites for coral farming projects as local watersheds can be largely vulnerable to majorrun off events and erosion during extreme rainfall episodes. Extreme localized rainfall events have become a common phenomenon across regional to global scales over the last century, and particularly across the Caribbean , as a typical manifestation of extreme weather events associated to increasing climate change impacts.

Major variation in large-scale rainfall patterns  and sea surface warming trends across the region have largely been associated to El Niño Southern Oscillation  dynamics. There has also been a trend of increasing rainfall extremes associated to tropical storm and hurricane impacts, which may result in localized monthly rainfall anomalies of +150% or higher , similar to extremes documented in this study. But the lack of long-term weather monitoring data and the lack of functional monitoring stations networks across multiple locations such as Culebra Island often result in weak spatial and temporal resolution of weather patterns on local scales, and in common failure to document impacts by extreme events. The observed pattern of extreme rainfall impacts through this study has largely coincided with recent trends of increasing SST across the northeastern Caribbean and mid-Atlantic regions.

Data were analyzed using content analysis. This technique was employed to analyze data collected during the face-to-face interviews and documents review.Furthermore, a SWOT analysis was used to find out factors that may promote of hinder the CBT in the Nyamasheke District. If you try to compare the cost of coffee production and benefits the farmers get in this district, famers are not getting their return on investment made in their activities. Both farmers who participated to this study indicated that coffee farming is really not profitable. When they were asked about the cause of the loss in coffee business, respondents were divided in their views regarding the perceived causes. Two respondents revealed that the cost of production make the coffee business less profitable.

“In fact, mobile vertical farm when I look at the work a coffee farmer does in coffee production, and look at what he gets in return, in reality the money a farmer earns is not repaying the farmer’s investment within production period” . Two respondents disagreed with the previous respondents regarding the cause of the loss incurred by farmers. In their views, the profitability in coffee business depends on the efforts the farmer put in his/her activities. If the famer is motivated and invest enough time and money in his/her farm, the yield would be good. “The income is not good enough, but it depends on how well the coffee is taken care of. The well cared for coffee, produces a satisfactory yield” .Another factor which makes coffee business unprofitable is unstable price of coffee cherries. According to our respondents, the price goes higher or low and farmers has no influence over it. Sometimes the price is one hundred and ten,and sometimes the price is two hundred or more.

When it rises to about three hundred and fifty, where the farmer can take care of the coffee and make a profit.“You see there is a time when at least they give us about three hundred francs per kilo, plus ten to be able to deliver it to the factory. That time the farmer was able to earn a living wage, and then he was able to make a living” . Respondents were asked to indicate another business that could be introduced in the area to support people involved in the coffee business. Surprisingly,among all suggestions given by our respondents, none of them was related to tourism. However,vertical farming racks past researchers have revealed the role of agri-tourism entrepreneurship development in agriculture sector. Khanal & Shrestha asserted that agri-tourism is one of the most crucial parameters to improve the nation’s economy of a country like Nepal, where major occupation was farming and having lots of potential tourist destination hubs. Rural areas where agri-tourismis exercised became the places where all elements of local sustainable development collected. Agri-tourism authorized new businesses and jobs on the local level. It also acted on the policy making system of the locality; forcing it indirectly to find sources of financing for achieving objectives.

It also expanded the farmer’s income . Coffee Washing Station managers were asked to indicate the possible benefits of a coffee-based tourism, where someone would come and be introduced to coffee farming, be explained the process from coffee planting to coffee harvest, then be shown how coffee is processed and he pay for it, as it is done in other countries.All agreed that the CBT has the potential to contribute positively to their business and indicated their expectation. Some of benefits identified are the following:“motivating coffee farmers to improve their activities, to improve the coffee farmers’ livelihood, and boosting coffee industry”.Respondents indicated that if CBT is introduced in their area will be welcomed.They expect that it will motivation to coffee farmers to improve their activities, as its benefits will be extended to everybody in the coffee industry.Furthermore, the start-up of coffee-based tourism would help to take care of the coffee trees, since those who would be visited would be paid, and it would inspire others who have not been visited to improving the standards of their coffee threes.On our side as a coffee washing stations, it would be interesting for us, because money farmers will get from tourism activities would motivate them to take care of their coffee.

Diseases were named according to their symptoms.Vaccination services were provided by Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development of the district at seven clinics. In addition, farmers use modern drugs either from government clinics or open markets and treat their animals themselves.Some farmers also claimed that veterinary officers were called to treat their sick animals. The most extensively used drug in the area was oxytetracycline and locally known as lesh lesh. Likewise, branding was applied when animals get sick and for identification purpose. In the area the breed is also known as Barka/Hassan. From individual interviews,37% of sampled farmers agreed that the breed’s name “Barka” is an indicator of the breed’s origin that is Barka area from Eritrea while most  of the respondents believed that the breed’s origin could be Eritrea and Sudan.

From the focus group discussions,dutch buckets system it became obvious that Begait goat is primarily kept by Beni Amir ethnic group who lives in Eritrea and Sudan bordering Ethiopia. This observation is supported by, who documented that BeniAmir ethnic group occupies the borders between much of Eritrea’s Barka valley and eastern Sudan.Despite the exact date of immigration remains unclear, Begait goat is extensively distributed across northwestern lowlands of Ethiopia. It is estimated that >110,000 Begait goats are found in northwestern and western zones of Tigray region. Based upon the results of focus group discussions and individual interviews, population size of the breed is at increasing trend. The possible reason reported for this trend was the involvement of more farmers in Begait goat production as the breed is more prolific and resistant to drought conditions with better milk yield and meat quality. At present, Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development of Tigray region has established a ranch, at Mai Woyni kebele ,western zone of the region, for all Begait animal species aiming at conservation,breeding and improvement.

The famous methods used to acquire goats were new born, buying and inheritance with the index values of 0.390, 0.343 and 0.186, respectively . This is in good agreement with the findings of and in Uganda. Whereas disposal was through selling,dutch buckets slaughtering in holidays and death in that order.Goat marketing in the study area was traditional type. All  of the respondents reported that weighing balance is unknown for selling and/or buying animals; rather visual assessment was used to estimate body condition of animals.Hence, selling price was fixed by negotiation between sellers and buyers.This result agreed with many research reports from Ethiopia. The study results also indicated that higher numbers of goats are sold and better price is fetched in holidays although farmers sell goats at any time of the year depending on their need for money. Goat owners sold their goats primarily for purchasing food items, health expenses, farm input expenses , labor expenses , school expenses for children and to pay back credit. Interviews with the sampled farmers revealed key problems constraining goat production in the area .

Water shortage, feed and grazing land shortages and inadequate veterinary services were ranked first, second and third, respectively.In line with the present findings previous studies indicated that the major problems of small ruminant farming include inadequate supply of water and pasture mainly in the dry season and problems arising from inadequate veterinary services and infrastructure. Fur farming first appeared in Greece around 50 years ago in the prefectures of Kastoria and Kozani with the main processing centers for livestock products located in the cities of Kastoria and Siatista. Fur processing companies primarily used and still use imported raw material with only a small quantity produced in the area where fur-bearing animals are bred. The last 20 – 30 years has seen effort focused on increasing the domestic production of fur with the prospect of substituting the import of furs at least in part and making the industry more competitive. As such, the aspiration is to raise at least 50,000 breeding animals.As a means of improving economic efficiency, vertical small and medium-sized processing companies which incorporated the breeding and marketing of furskins were created. Thus, and given that there were similar farms in other countries, the first “bold and pioneering craftsmen” established the first fur farms around the prefectures.

The link between technology and youth farming was statistically significant, implying that the outcome in the sample can also be found in the general populace. Furthermore,the study observed that motivation guides the cognitive behavior of the youth towards farming and maintains them by establishing the driving force associated with the benefit of being a young farmer in the region. The analysis further denotes that motivation can also indirectly affect youth farming via economic factors allied with the youth.Also, economic factor was identified to have an optimal determinant on youth farming acceptance, although the data in this study proves otherwise at the 95% confidence level. Government Policies such as policy for better remuneration,a policy of stability of farming employment and retirement benefits,government subsidies on agricultural tools and machinery, flood and drain tray and the like contributed to the statistically significant figures obtained during the analysis.

The study observed that government policies serve as a direct link to influence the youth towards farming while also providing the platform for technology application to achieve the same objective. The study advances our understanding of pertinent factors that influence the youth’s adoption of agriculture by establishing the direct theoretical link from these factors. The study recommends that government and stakeholders lay down efficient and effective policies to motivate the young generation of today toward youth farming for sustainability and economic development.Finally, this present study as adding to literature has some limitations which provide the potential arena for future research. First, this research was conducted on youths in the West African region of Ghana, therefore, future research is encouraged to extend to other countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa with similar interest to boost agricultural farming among the youth.

Second, the focus of this study only involved only participants at a youthful age. Extending the study to include participants of older generation may give more insight into understanding how the gap between the young and old generation keeps widening or closing in terms of the interest to go into agriculture farming is suggested for future research. Third, the present study is limited in volume and variety of data obtained from participants. A variety of factors have inherent attributes to agricultural farming, hence further study to incorporate big data and its analytics is desired.Including additional variables ad applying the right analytics will throw more light on youth involvement in agricultural farming and increase precision on information gathered. Because of its contribution to the socio-economic development of rural Uganda in both food security and income generation, nft hydroponic especially, among women and other disadvantaged groups, smallholder dairy production system has received considerable support from the Government of Uganda as well as non-government organizations.

Moreover, by functioning as a store of wealth and supplying manure for crop production , dairy cattle fit very well in integrated crop-livestock systems. In Uganda, dairy cattle play a key role in the nutrition,of most households with per capita milk consumption of about 58 litres  against FAO requirement of 200 litresper person per year . While annual average milk yield per cow per lactation per year of 305 days in developed countries can go above 8000 kg, less than 2000 kg is obtainable from pure dairy breeds, 1000 from cross breeds and 500 kg from indigenous cows in Uganda . These statistics are obviously distressing in light of the rapidly growing human population at a rate of 3.2% annually . In  it is singled out that feed scarcity leads to poor nutrition which is a key constraint holding down production efficiency and health of the dairy cow on smallholder dairy farms in Lake Victoria Agro-ecological Zone . Poor nutrition of dairy cattle is exaggerated by drought induced feed scarcity attributed partly to change in climate and demographics. As human population increases demand for milk also increases, crop production expands, availability of land for forage production decreases contributing towards dairy cattle feed scarcity. With projected increase in demand for milk,coupled with declining land size for forage production due to demographic pressure, it seems inevitable for farmers to embrace alternative feed resources.