Natural and controlled experiments provide evidence in favor of testosterone-mediated male survival, with castrated males living longer than intact males across many species including humans .Immune activation increases resting metabolism in humans and other species by 8%–56%, and can incur caloric costs of up to 2,000 kJ/day21 . The Immuno competence Handicap Hypothesis rose out of classical …
Continue reading “One of the costlier forms of somatic investment in adulthood is immune function”