Direct contact methods are costlier than indirect methods and have a more limited reach

The expenditures made by UCCE are shown in panel of Fig. 1. There is evidence of impact of the 2009–2010 recession on investments in 2010, which went down from over $90 million to less than $85 million. From 2010 onwards, we observe a steady decline in annual UCCE expenditures, to about $76 million in 2013. In …

Correlation with the FOB price for iceberg lettuce is also provided

The ability to provide account-specific products and services represents a major change from the days of uniform product offerings. While these services can be costly, many shippers are finding that they enable them to become preferred suppliers to large buyers, potentially stabilizing demand and somewhat lowering market risk. Many California grower-shippers obtain products from other …