A short lasting fall or spring frost lasts a few hours and can cause substantial damages

Part of the modeled gains in consumer surplus are enjoyed elsewhere, as the majority of pistachio output is currently exported. However, export demand is usually considered more elastic than domestic demand, making the share of local consumer surplus gains disproportionate to the share of local consumption. At a share of 1/3 of total consumption, let …

There appeared to be many harbingers of a dismal future for the industry

The next four columns vary that distance from 30-70 km in 10-km increments. As can be seen in Panel A, the impact of an additional fire is considerably larger when we focus on nearer fires, but this pattern of results no longer holds when we standardize our outcome measure based on the variability of test …