Geometry of Persian gardens is not only owing to the irrigation and agriculture principles, but also it is formed due to the beliefs, meaning, symbols, myths and the elements that form the Persian garden’s identity. The early geometric form of the garden might be dictated by the practicalities of the irrigational system.Water links the earth and sky. It is the symbol of freshness, brightness, life, innocence and so on. As a holy and sacred element, water has been of particular esteem among many cultures and civilizations from ancient times. Water in Iran has long been beside the fire, which both have a close bond with life and it is linked with water protector, fertility and blessing. In Greek mythology, all running waters and springs had an Izadani woman called nymphs. Water is sacred to the extent that even in religions, creation begins with water. In genesis it is said that: “And God said there should be a sky in the waters to separate water and God constructed it∙∙∙” Of course, the fact that heaven and earth were formed from water is rooted in ancient mythology. For example, Babylonian tablets stated that the universe was a thick mass of water. Water as an important factor also had a special place in different religions. In the Avesta, water was frequently respected and in Yasna 65 part 10 Ahura Mazda Zarathushtra was addressed: “First turn to water and ask your needs from Zarathustra”. It is understood from the Islamic narrations that God created all the world entirely with water. The Quran says: “and made from water every living thing.” In general, water always plays a role in the creation, mythology, religion, iconology, apart from the cultural structures, dutch buckets for sale it is above all forms and is the patron of any creation∙∙∙ water is a key to life by considering the potential facilities.
In every place and time where water is sacred, some sites have been formed for its appearance to enable achieving the ultimate goal.The role of water in the formation of the first human habitats is a response to a biological need. But when more than a need, building home and residential complexes have cultural meaning, architecture is emerged and water in human life will have an artistic place and is originated from creativity of the artists and architects. Understanding the concept of water in architecture is understanding the concept of water architecture. Understanding the physical laws of water behavior is our emotions to the interaction of water and most importantly the role and allegory and its relationship with human life. Water is a paradoxical metaphor and along with soil, fire and air, consists of the four comprising elements of the universe.Wherever it appears, its application should reflect the perception of designers and builders of nature. Access to water resources has long been one of the most important factors in urban locating. Iran’s geographical overview cities show the dependency between urban life and access to water resources. Iranian plateau, due to climatic diversity and natural environment landscape has no reliable surface water sources everywhere, because as surface water, such as sea, rivers and lakes play a role in the architecture and the its creation, in many regions that are far from these surface resources, people need is met from underground sources, such as canals and wells.
Riverbanks are the bed of the emergence and growth of the world’s most ancient cultures. In Iran, where a river was flowing, the speed and cultural acceleration was added and it is also expanded in culture. It should be noted that water in the very distant past caused vital places and economic and urbanism ways. Before the advent of Islam in Iran, architecture besides the water and in the nature without distorting, announced its presence and the role of water is mostly abstract role. Temples and shrines are formed besides the water and in respect to water. As water is the path of man to enter another world. Water showed its spiritual role in Iranian architecture, so that the water cycle is its abstraction representation in nature and all properties of water is abstract which apparently finds a dramatic aspect and water was considered in prayer. So, the rivers and streams and lakes had a place in the beliefs and customs. This was not formed per se. Construction and building sites has manifested beliefs, legends and customs. Waters which originated from the mouth of the great mirage of a mountain and in a cave or among the rocks and soil and flowed on the ground, are large and small springs that originate out of stone and play an important role in the construction of buildings around them. And here we see that both water and rock are involved in the construction of buildings. As the water plays a role in the construction of the garden, the garden also plays a role in the development of the city. The development of towns and structural relationship between the garden and the city is such that we can call the garden as city and call the garden city and on the other hand garden is regarded as a workshop for designing city that the sample can be seen in Timurid period which showed the structural relationship between the garden city in the temporary city which reconstructed the length of tents, pavilion and encampment clearly.
Another example of this garden city can be seen in Isfahan and Chahar Bagh and the alleys that were continued in different directions, it was one of the principles of urban landscape design. In ancient Persia, the architecture moves to water and is calm besides it. But in the Islamic period, water had an applied state in architecture and architects consciously try to dominate nature and organize it and with knowledge of physical laws and behavior of water and understanding the role and allegory and its relationship to human, drags the water inside the architecture. Water is manifested in geometric shapes in most buildings and somehow the center of architectural unity is formed in water. Its wavy motion in religious, literary and artistic concepts is common in our culture. So it enters the building and composition of our monuments so that cannot practically be separated from shape. Water will appear in the center of palace and gardens, etc. In the desert, scarce and lifeshaping water causes formation of architecture of water reservoirs, downstream and Ribat and the glaciers, and shows itself in other way. Water in the garden and pavilion creates streams, waterfronts, ponds and pools and fountains and every word illustrates the human domination of nature . To display all of them on its side, water in the pool architecture is used as a symbol of standing water and in regular geometric is the element of building completion. Water use in Iranian garden has been very clever and artistic, so not only is used for watering and feeding plants of the garden, but also its conceptual, poetic and artistic use decorated the garden space and with its presence brings freshness, vitality, movement and beauty. Pools in front of the buildings complement the architecture and reflect them as a mirror. Ponds we observe in mosque architecture,hydroponic net pots beyond the role of purification, has a symbolic aspect and water created both the symbol of life and death. And purifies man both physically and mentally and generally understanding the concept of water in the architecture is understanding the water architecture.
Water in ancient Persia was a messenger of light and purity and was of great value. Since Iran was probably a low water country, the vital fluid had high prestige among them. Water for Iranians was used not only for meeting their needs,but also had very influence spiritually and mentally. Water with different capabilities, such as life, freshness, brightness, cleanliness, prosperity and spreading the light, rest and relaxation and mobility left various feelings in the psyche of mankind. For this reason, it finds a place always in places that are man-made in different ways. This is more impressive in relation to places like parks or gardens. Because water element is used as one of the most beautiful fields of view and one of the complementary items of green space. Of course, in these places, water is necessary and important for cleaning and irrigation of trees and flowers or for health services. In previous centuries, Iranians constructed gardens on sloping lands and creating a stair in the water path, gentle stream of water became harsh and noisy. The main factor that always gave life to the Iranian gardens was water flowing in Chahar Bagh, streams and low-slope and spiral streams and made the garden air pleasant. In decorative garden joining the ponds, streams were usually built with stones and bricks. In floor of front waters and most places where the water was flowing, often placed a rock with white cutting or with different designs that gave a beautiful aspect to water wave. The ancient gardens of Iran are often built in hot and dry regions, and reason for their establishment in such areas was the presence of natural springs or Kariz. The extent of any garden depends on the volume and the amount of water available for irrigation. Due to the warm weather in summer, gardens in arid and desert cities have always had a special importance among which are gardens of Kashan . Fin Garden in Kashan is the famous gardens of the Safavid, Zand, and Qajar as well as our time.
Due to the abundance of water in Soleimani spring and pool and many fountains and old trees and historical buildings, has always been one of the most famous and the most attractive gardens in our country. In Iranian gardens, to create a calm, cool and shade environment, there was no choice but to build streams of water throughout the whole garden and usually the streams were converted to basins at the intersection. Water flowed to the ponds from rivers that often began from springhouse of garden mansion and at regular intervals using the natural slope of the land with repetition of waterfalls. Front water that was considered the essential elements in building garden, was mostly constructed in front of the main building and its main aspect is align with the length of building and was in various forms: rectangles, squares, polygons and circle. Sometimes, fountain was made in buildings of old gardens in terms it was said spring house. Residents of the garden on hot summer days, especially during midday, were relaxed along waterfronts.Knowledge of water resources is necessary to analyze its presence in the garden. At this stage, water has two functional and symbolic functions that is, from the functional point of view, it irrigates trees and plants and creates freshness in the space and from the symbolic aspect, it is expressed as a specific concept as a view for meeting which in fact, it responses the need to understand its existence. In the second step, it is necessary to identify the tools used to display the presence of water in the garden to achieve the design and facilities used. Water flows in paths in a wise and intelligent way. It remains still in ponds and fountains, rises above the water of sags and fountains and manifests with movement, sound, facade and refreshing [20]. How to present and move for water in garden has a certain system in accordance with the geometry and structure of the garden and takes different forms in the different species of Persian garden [21]. In the last step, water goes out of the garden, so that after flowing in garden and irrigating the trees and plants, it goes to the city, farms or other gardens. After leaving the garden or at surface, the water moves toward the destination as river or stream or in underground using special channels and using water pipes.The human is a set of spirit, mind and body.